The facilities of having a credit card are known to all and you too perhaps like a lot to enjoy free shopping with a credit card in your hand. Several bank and companies are there that are ready to provide you a card at any moment you want. But you have to be very careful while taking and using these because excessive use may drown you into debts. However, for getting out of such conditions you can rely on the Credit Card Debt Consolidation Loan.

If you have unpaid debts on credit cards then go for the debt consolidation loans. Such loans merge multiple debts into one single debt and therefore, here you do not have to worry regarding the payment process or any delay. Whether you are a tenant or a homeowner, anyone can receive these loans. Generally, the amount offered depends on the debt you have and the repayment term for this loan depends on the money you are borrowing.

In fact, for people with bad credit record too managing credit card debts have become easy and possible. Bad credit records like Country Court Judgments, late payments, bankruptcy etc are acceptable and any bad credit record holder like such can go for the credit card debt consolidation loan.

Apart credit card debt consolidation loan you should also consider certain criteria that is assciated with it:

I) You must consolidate only to ease up the burden of paying hefty amounts every month.

II) The interest rate of the credit card consolidation loan must be lesser than what you were paying previously.

III) monthly outgoings are lesser than what you were paying earlier, helping you save money each month.

IV) Opt for credit counseling to remain debt free in future.

By researching online for you can search for the best deal very easily. Credit card debt consolidation loans are made for all who wants to get rid of their excessive credit card debts. If you find that avoiding such expenses is tough then leave it and think of repaying the earlier debts and take help of these consolidation loans.



By: Alex Jonnes

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Many people who select a debt settlement program may have already tried credit card consolidation in an effort to resolve their financial difficulties, but may not have been satisfied with the arrangements or the amount of time it was taking to pay off what they owed. For these individuals, debt settlement may provide a faster way to eliminate their debts for the least possible amount of money, while avoiding bankruptcy court. It has quickly become one of the preferred debt remedy solutions.

 

 

The process of debt settlement or credit card debt settlement involves negotiating a lower payoff amount to resolve the outstanding debt owed to a creditor. Typically, debt settlement should be considered a course of action only for those individuals under extreme financial distress, who are having difficulty meeting even basic financial obligations.

 

 

When considering debt settlement as an option for reducing credit card debt, remember that there is no guarantee that an original creditor or even a collector will settle for less than the full amount owed. Some attorneys acting as collectors may be particularly difficult to settle with. Larger collection agencies are often easier to negotiate a reduced settlement with.

 

 

There are many reasons to try to settle your debts through debt settlement. There are also many reasons not to go this route for your debt remedy solution. To make sure you are prepared for what may come, here are some of the “pros” and the “cons” of credit card debt settlement. Remember that the more you know before you start this process, the better off you will be.

 

The “Pros”

? You may be able to settle your credit card debts for pennies on the dollar, potentially saving you thousands of dollars in the long run.

 

? Your unsecured debts may be resolved within months or even a few years, freeing up your cash flow much more quickly than long-term credit card consolidation programs.

 

? The monthly commitment amount designed by debt settlement services is almost always significantly less than credit counseling debt management programs, and debt consolidation loan payments. This gives you much needed breathing room for household and fixed obligation expenditures.

 

? The credit card debt settlement process, as such, will not appear on your credit record, and your accounts will eventually be marked as “paid” or “settled.” (See the “cons” for the other side of this coin.)

? The effects of settlements on your credit rating/FICO score will drop off more quickly than a bankruptcy would (a bankruptcy discharge remains on your credit report for up to 10 years).





The “Cons”



? While your payments are being withheld from the creditors, you may receive harassing calls from your creditors and collection agencies. The debt settlement company may request creditors to stop calling, but that does not mean they will honor those requests.

 

? Late fees will continue to accrue on your unpaid accounts, piling up and increasing your total amount due. Should your creditors refuse to play the game, you could find yourself in an even greater financial mess than you started with.

 

? It is possible that your settled debts may be noted on your credit report as “settled” or “settled for partial” rather than “paid in full” which is the most desirable credit report notation.

 

? Any savings off the total amount due is reportable to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) as forgiven debt, which is considered a form of income.

 

 



It’s usually better to try resolving your own financial issues before opting for a credit card debt settlement program that will likely add further damage to your credit history. There are ways to embark upon your own debt remedy solution without having to contract a professional debt service. However, every individual’s financial situation is unique as are the circumstances that created the financial problems. Only you know the details of your financial dilemma and what progress is possible to achieve on your own.



By: Mansi Gupta

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Public Debt Management is the process of establishing and implementing a policy for managing the government’s debt in order to raise the required amount of funding, track its cost and risk objectives, and to convene any other public debt management goals for which the government has put criteria for developing and maintaining an efficient and liquid market for national securities. Hence,

 

The Legal framework should clarify the authority to borrow and to issue new debt, invest and undertake transactions on behalf of the Government. The organizational framework should be well specified where mandates and roles are well articulated. Sovereign debt management may span a country’s debt management organization or a fundamental depository. Debt management report should be made publicly which would review preceding year’s activities and provide synopsis of borrowing plans based on budget protuberance.

 

The Public Accounts comprises of three divisions Debt, Deposits and Reserves and Remittances. The ‘Debt’ Comprises receipt and payments in respect of which government incurs a liability to repay the money received or has a claim to recover the amount paid together with repayments of the former and recoveries of the latter. State General Provident Fund, National Savings Certificate and Postal Savings Certificates etc. are recorded in this division. The ‘Deposit and Reserves’ comprises receipts and payment for which the Government acts as a banker. The government, as the banker, deals with civil deposit, personal deposit and renewal reserve fund etc. The ‘Remittances’ division comprises all adjusting heads for instance, remittances to and from Bangladesh Bank and PWD, Defence, Forest, T and T and Postal etc. Remittances to Bangladesh mission abroad are also included in this division. The form of accounting used by the Government of Bangladesh is based on the cash basis of accounting; that is, recording the transaction at the time when cash is paid or received. Cash basis of Accounting is a traditional basis of govt accounting. There are completely two different sets of published accounts in Bangladesh- the Annual Finance Accounts and the Annual Appropriation Accounts and Annual Finance Accounts: The Finance Accounts reflect total annual receipts and expenditure of the government together with relevant financial statements.

Furthermore, the cash balance of the government is also publicized in this statement where preparation of the Annual Finance Accounts is vested with the C&AG according to Article 4 of the Comptroller and Auditor General (Additional Functions) Act, 1974. Appropriation Accounts: The appropriation is a proportional report viewing comprehensive head-wise/code-wise ultimate budgetary distribution and authentic expenses of different ministries and their subordinate offices with details of variances (if any). According to Article 128 of the Constitution and Rule 4 of the Comptroller and Auditor General (Additional functions) Act 1974, preparation of the Appropriation Accounts by the concerned Accounts Offices, it is reviewed by the Directorates of Civil Audit and PT&T according to concerned portions and then certified by the C&AG with required observations.

The primary accounts are held in reserve where the transactions take place. There are two branches of primary accounts, one kept by the govt. accounting departments; and the other kept by the self-drawing departments known as departmentalized accounts departments, like Public Works Department, Telephone Board Postal Department, forest Department etc. To keep consistency and for the convenience of administrative functions, govt. has set up accounting offices under the control of CGA. CGDF and ADGFR. Office of the CGA covers all ministries and departments except Defence and Railway. The lowest tire of accounting unit tender the Controller General of Accounts (CGA) is the Upazilla Accounts Office. Next unit is the District Accounts Office, which is located at the District Headquarters. For the account purpose, there are also 20 regional Accounts Offices at the greater district headquarters, which consolidate the accounts received from the District and Upazilla Accounts Officers for onward transmission to the Controller General of Accounts. The Chief Accounts Offices of the respective Ministries keep accounts of the presidency. There are 21 Accounts Offices for the ministries and divisions of the govt. They work under the Administrative control of the C&AG and CGA and under the functional control of the secretary of the concerned Ministry/Division. All these Accounts Offices and their activities facilities the CGA office to prepare the Monthly Accounts, the Finance Accounts and Appropriation Accounts. Considering the special nature of functions and activities of the Defense Service and the Railway. Govt. has established separated departments for their accounting functions, namely the CGDF and the ADGFR respectively. Accounting units of these Departments also prepare and maintain their monthly accounts, which facilitate the CGDF and the ADGFR to prepare the Monthly Accounts, the Finance Accounts and the Appropriation Accounts.

The accounting system for the departments, which run the Departmentalized concept such as Railway, Defence, Postal, T&T, Works, Forest etc, is a bit different from concept such as Railway, Defense, Postal, T&T, Works, Forest etc. is a bit different from the general government accounting system. However, except Railway all other departments do not have separate bank account. The Railway has separate bank account with the Bangladesh Bank and that shows separate through a head called ”Remittance”"- an adjusting head in the government account and deposit it their income through using this head too. The Bangladesh Bank (BB) acts the banker to the government although there exists distinction between Consolidated Fund and Public Account, in effect cash balance of the Government is one and that lies with the Bangladesh Bank. The Accounting Offices issue cheque in favour of the parties/person’s and then the cheques are finally drawn from the (now Central Reconciliation Unit) fore reconciliation and outside the presidency where there are no branches of BB Sonali Bank acts as the Banker to the Government Cheques issued by the Accounting Offices and drawn on the Sonali Bank afterwards are sent back to the concerned Accounting Offices for reconciliation. The Thana, District and Chief Accounts Officers record each and every transaction of the government as the initial accounts where it is applicable. Initial accounts are recorded under the relevant head of accounts where the transaction is taken place where Upazilla and District Accounts Offices send accounts as usual by the 10th of the following month. The DCA Offices subsequently classify the detailed accounting information under the respective head of accounts and propel it to the CGA by the 20th of that month. On the other side, self-drawing Departments transmit their accounts to the CAO of their respective ministries. Along with those, the CAO Office prepares initial accounts of the presidency, classify and consolidate the accounts within the purview of its ministry’s boundaries and then send the accounts to the CGA by 20th of the following month. They also send the accounts to their respective Principal Accounting Officer/Secretary of Ministry or Division. CGA Prepares consolidated accounts based on the accounting data supplied by the CAO and DCA’s. Similar procedure is followed in the accounting units of the Defense Finance and Railway so far as flow of accounts is concerned. In respect of preparation of the Finance Accounts and the Appropriation Accounts of the Defence Ministry and the Railway Department, the CGDF and the ADGFR respectively play the key role. The monthly Accounts prepared and maintained by the Accounts Officers of the government are the basis of Finance Accounts and the Appropriation Accounts. The following criteria are the factor which is worth noting.



Well-articulated responsibilities for staff, clear monitoring, control policies and reporting arrangements required.

Precise and comprehensive management information system with proper safeguards.

Staff be subject to a code of conduct and conflict of interest guidelines re management of personal financial affairs.



Debt Management approach:

Risk can be moderate by transforming debt structure against costs which is accelerated for borrowing decisions at reduced risks. Debt managers should consider financial and other risks characteristic to government cash flows where carefully assessment and managing risk associated with foreign currency and short term floating rate debt is virtual important with due regard. Debt Management Strategy should be Cost effective where cash management policies needs to meet with a high degree of certainty financial obligations as they fall due. A framework enabling debt managers to manage the trade-off between expected costs and risk in government debt portfolio should be set forth in consistence with real life situation. Impact of contingent liabilities on Government financial and liquidity position cannot be ignored while making decision in respect of selecting borrowing criteria.

Risks in sovereign debt management

 

Market risks involve changes in interest rate, exchange rate and commodity prices and their impact on government debt servicing. Longer term fixed rate needs to be preferred. In this connection, rollover risk is another factor to reduce risk in the field of Debt Management System: The risk that debt may have to be rolled over at an unusually high cost, and in extreme cases, cannot be rolled over. Operational Risk: A Transaction error, failure of internal control or systems, security breaches natural disasters affecting business activity.



Risks in sovereign debt management

Liquidity risk: It involves a situation when volumes of liquid assets diminish quickly in face of unanticipated cash flow obligation or difficulty in raising cash thru borrowing on short notice. Credit Risk: It refers to non-performance by borrowers on loans or other financial assets e.g. contingent liabilities, derivative contract entered into by debt manager.

Develop Efficient Govt. Securities Market





To minimize cost and risk debt managers should strive to develop efficient securities market. To strive to achieve a broad investor base for both domestic and foreign obligation with investors being treated equitably.

The primary market should be transparent and predictable with market-based debt issuance. Government should promote a resilient and there should have criteria for



 

Debt versus Deficit which

 

deficit is a flow of new debt incurred when the Government spends more than it raises as taxes.

 



Ex: When US government ran a deficit of $ 100 billion in 1995, it adds to stock of government debt, but when it enjoyed a surplus of $ 200 billion in 1999, it reduced the stock by that amount.



Objectives of Debt management



To ensure that government financing needs and its payment obligations are met.

To secure government debt at the lowest possible cost over medium and long range.

It should be consistent with prudent degree of risk

Coordination with Monetary and Fiscal Policies





Debt Managers, fiscal policy advisors and central bankers should share an understanding on the objectives of debt management, fiscal and monetary policies. They should also know Government’s current and future liquidity requirements. Debt managers should convey fiscal authorities their views on the costs and risk associated with government financing requirements and debt levels. Divergent objectives respected where Debt-managers focus on cost/risk trade-off of debt while monetary policy directed towards achieving price-stability and inflation issues. In this connection, Debt management and monetary policy be allowed to perform in their own realms with one not affecting the core objectives of the other. Furthermore, the goal of cost minimization subject to prudent level of risk should not be viewed as a mandate to reduce interest rate. Coordination with Monetary and Fiscal Policies

 

Debt Managers, fiscal policy advisors and central bankers should share an understanding on the objectives of debt management, fiscal and monetary policies. They should also know Government’s current and future liquidity requirements where Debt managers should convey fiscal authorities their views on the costs and risk associated with government financing requirements and debt levels.



Divergent objectives respected and in this respect, debt-managers focus on cost/risk trade-off of debt while monetary policy directed towards achieving price-stability and inflation issues.

Debt management and monetary policy be allowed to perform in their own realms with one not affecting the core objectives of the other.

The goal of cost minimization subject to prudent level of risk should not be viewed as a mandate to reduce interest rate.



Borrowing Authority:

An IMF survey shows that:



In all of the countries surveyed, the legal authority to borrow rests with the parliament

In most of the countries, legislation has been enacted authorizing the Ministry of Finance to borrow on behalf of the government.

In some others, that power has been delegated to the Cabinet, and in one case (India) straightly to the state bank.



Debt Management Responsibility in Bangladesh: Regarding debt management system, there exists lots of responsibility to create and debt management market by borrowing and establishing funds and in a nutshell, these are as follows:









The Rules of Business empowers Finance Division to borrow and float market loans. Bangladesh Bank Order 1972 envisages that BB acts as an agent to the Government, among others, for management of the public debt, they play active role in this respect.

FSAP Report of IMF recommended that the terms, manner and conditions of borrowing fund should rest with Finance Division.

The Report envisaged that Debt Management Office may be established in Finance Division. That the Office should report to Finance Secretary. The Office is responsible for all public debt including NSCs and external debt as well. Currently, NSCs debt are managed by IRD while external debt are managed by ERD, while borrowing from the banking system is managed by Bangladesh Bank with peripheral. Current Practice in Debt Management

Domestic debt management is performed by BB very often not reflecting the needs of Government’s fiscal policy. The objective of debt management and monetary management seems to get blurred. Because of lack of involvement FD depends on its creditor (BB) for debt stock and borrowing information during the year.



 

Government accounting system derived its authorization from the Constitution of Bangladesh and as such the Constitution empowered the Comptroller and Auditor General to lay down the forms and manners of the government accounting. The Comptroller and Auditor General (Additional Functions) Act, 1974 assigned the C&AG with the responsibilities of maintenance the accounts of the Republic. These responsibilities of the Appropriation Accounts. Office of the Controller General of Accounts (CGA), Controller General Defense Finance (CGDF), Additional Director General Finance of Railway (ADGFR) and the Bangladesh Bank are the main source of accounting information for the government. Controller General of Accounts (CGA) plays the most important role in the government accounting function. CGA is responsible for keeping the accounts of the receipts and expenditure that are done the govt. departments other than the departmentalized accounting Departments and the Defense and Railway Department. CGDF maintains the accounts of the armed Forces and the departments under the Ministry of Defense. ADGFR is responsible for keeping the accounts of Bangladesh Railway. Bangladesh Bank furnishes the information and figures to the govt. accounting departments regarding foreign loans and aids provided by the International Development Partners to Bangladesh.



By: Kh. Atiar Rahman

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